Class XII | Assignment| Chapter 2: Data Communication and Networking

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1. Mcq ko pattern bujena

2. Mcq ko pattern bujena sir

3. MCQs — Correct Answers
   Computer communication refers to the sending, receiving and processing of information by electronic means.
   Answer: a) Computer communication
   Which refers to communication media?
   Answer: d) All of the above
   Which is not a guided media?
   Answer: c) Satellite
   Which is necessary to operate Internet?
   Answer: b) ISP
   Note: A modem may also be needed for certain types of connections, but CD-ROM is not necessary.
   Which one is not a network topology?
   Answer: c) Client-server
   In which topology are computers connected in a circular form?
   Answer: c) Ring
   MAC stands for:
   Answer: b) Media Access Control
   Which is more reliable and secure for a LAN?
   Answer: d) Mesh
   Which of the following is not a protocol?
   Answer: c) NOS
   Which refers to communication media?
   Answer: d) All of the above
   Question Answers
   1. What is a computer network? Write its advantages and disadvantages.

   A computer network is a group of interconnected computers and devices that can communicate and share resources with each other.

   Advantages:

   Sharing of hardware and software resources.
   Easy sharing of files and information.
   Fast communication.
   Centralized data management.
   Saves time and cost.

   Disadvantages:

   Security and privacy risks.
   Network failure can affect many users.
   Requires skilled personnel.
   Installation and maintenance can be expensive.
   2. Differentiate between LAN and WAN.
   LAN WAN
   LAN stands for Local Area Network. WAN stands for Wide Area Network.
   Covers a small geographical area. Covers a large geographical area.
   It is generally faster. It is generally slower than LAN.
   It is cheaper to establish. It is more expensive to establish.
   Example: School network. Example: Internet.
   3. Describe the different types of communication media in networking.

   Communication media are mainly of two types:

   1. Guided media:
   Data travels through a physical cable. Examples are:

   UTP cable
   STP cable
   Coaxial cable
   Fiber-optic cable

   2. Unguided media:
   Data travels through the air without a physical cable. Examples are:

   Radio waves
   Microwaves
   Infrared
   Satellite communication
   4. Define satellite communication. Differentiate between UTP and STP.

   Satellite communication:
   Satellite communication is a method of transmitting signals between two or more stations through an artificial satellite in space.

   UTP STP
   UTP stands for Unshielded Twisted Pair. STP stands for Shielded Twisted Pair.
   It has no metallic shielding. It has metallic shielding.
   More affected by electromagnetic interference. Less affected by electromagnetic interference.
   Cheaper and easier to install. More expensive and difficult to install.
   5. What is transmission media? Explain any two types.

   Transmission media is the path through which data or signals travel from one device to another.

   1. Guided media:
   It uses a physical path such as cables to transmit data. Examples include UTP, STP and fiber-optic cables.

   2. Unguided media:
   It transmits data wirelessly through electromagnetic waves. Examples include radio waves, microwaves and satellite communication.

   6. What are the functions of router and switch?

   Router:

   Connects different networks.
   Selects the best path for data transmission.
   Forwards packets between networks.

   Switch:

   Connects devices within a LAN.
   Sends data to the intended device.
   Reduces unnecessary network traffic.
   7. Describe simplex, half-duplex and full-duplex with examples.

   Simplex: Communication takes place in only one direction.
   Example: Keyboard to computer.

   Half-duplex: Communication takes place in both directions, but not at the same time.
   Example: Walkie-talkie.

   Full-duplex: Communication takes place in both directions simultaneously.
   Example: Telephone/mobile phone conversation.

   8. What do you mean by OSI reference model? Explain its layers.

   The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) reference model is a standard model that divides network communication into seven layers.

   From top to bottom:

   Application Layer – Provides network services to users/applications.
   Presentation Layer – Handles data translation, encryption and compression.
   Session Layer – Establishes and manages communication sessions.
   Transport Layer – Provides reliable end-to-end data delivery.
   Network Layer – Handles logical addressing and routing.
   Data Link Layer – Provides node-to-node delivery and error detection.
   Physical Layer – Transmits raw bits through the physical medium.

   Mnemonic: All People Seem To Need Data Processing.

   9. Define network architecture. Differentiate between client-server and peer-to-peer networks.

   Network architecture is the design or structure that defines how computers and devices communicate and share resources in a network.

   Client-Server Peer-to-Peer
   Has a dedicated server. No dedicated server is required.
   Server provides services to clients. Each computer can provide and receive services.
   More suitable for large networks. Suitable for small networks.
   More secure and centrally managed. Less centralized control.
   10. What is a protocol? List any five communication protocols.

   A protocol is a set of rules that governs communication between devices on a network.

   Five communication protocols are:

   TCP/IP
   HTTP
   FTP
   SMTP
   POP
   11. Write the functions of switch and modem.

   Functions of Switch:

   Connects multiple devices in a LAN.
   Forwards data to the correct destination device.
   Reduces network traffic.

   Functions of Modem:

   Converts digital signals into analog signals and vice versa.
   Enables computers to communicate over communication lines.
   12. Differentiate between star topology and ring topology.
   Star Topology Ring Topology
   All devices are connected to a central device. Devices are connected in a circular arrangement.
   Failure of one cable usually affects only one device. Failure of one connection can affect the network.
   Easy to install and manage. More difficult to troubleshoot.
   Uses a central hub/switch. Does not require a central hub/switch.
   13. Explain bandwidth and echo.

   Bandwidth: Bandwidth is the maximum amount of data that can be transmitted through a communication channel in a given time. It is usually measured in bits per second (bps).

   Echo: Echo is the reflected form of a transmitted signal that returns to its source after encountering an obstacle or impedance.

   14. Define communication protocol, IP address and MAC address.

   Communication protocol: A set of rules used for communication between network devices.

   IP address: A logical numerical address assigned to a device on a network for identification and communication.

   MAC address: A unique physical/hardware address assigned to a network interface card (NIC).

   15. Differentiate between Internet and Intranet.
   Internet Intranet
   It is a global public network. It is a private network within an organization.
   Accessible to the general public. Accessible only to authorized users.
   Used for worldwide communication and information sharing. Used for internal communication and information sharing.
   Example: Websites and online services. Example: Company’s internal employee portal.

   ### 11. Write the functions of switch and modem.

   **Functions of Switch:**

   * Connects multiple devices in a LAN.
   * Forwards data to the correct destination device.
   * Reduces network traffic.

   **Functions of Modem:**

   * Converts digital signals into analog signals and vice versa.
   * Enables computers to communicate over communication lines.

   —

   ### 12. Differentiate between star topology and ring topology.

   | Star Topology | Ring Topology |
   | —————————————————– | ————————————————- |
   | All devices are connected to a central device. | Devices are connected in a circular arrangement. |
   | Failure of one cable usually affects only one device. | Failure of one connection can affect the network. |
   | Easy to install and manage. | More difficult to troubleshoot. |
   | Uses a central hub/switch. | Does not require a central hub/switch. |

   —

   ### 13. Explain bandwidth and echo.

   **Bandwidth:** Bandwidth is the maximum amount of data that can be transmitted through a communication channel in a given time. It is usually measured in **bits per second (bps)**.

   **Echo:** Echo is the reflected form of a transmitted signal that returns to its source after encountering an obstacle or impedance.

   —

   ### 14. Define communication protocol, IP address and MAC address.

   **Communication protocol:** A set of rules used for communication between network devices.

   **IP address:** A logical numerical address assigned to a device on a network for identification and communication.

   **MAC address:** A unique physical/hardware address assigned to a network interface card (NIC).

   —

   ### 15. Differentiate between Internet and Intranet.

   | Internet | Intranet |
   | ——————————————————— | ——————————————————– |
   | It is a global public network. | It is a private network within an organization. |
   | Accessible to the general public. | Accessible only to authorized users. |
   | Used for worldwide communication and information sharing. | Used for internal communication and information sharing. |
   | Example: Websites and online services. | Example: Company’s internal employee portal. |

4. MCQs
   _____ refers to the sending, receiving and processing of information by electronic means.
   Answer: Computer communication
   Which refers to the communication media?
   Answer: d. All of the above
   Which is not a guided media?
   Answer: c. Satellite
   Which is necessary to operate Internet?
   Answer: d. All of the above
   Note: In practice, an ISP and suitable network equipment are needed; CD-ROM is not inherently required. If this is from your textbook’s given options, check the intended answer.
   Which one is not network topology?
   Answer: c. Client-server
   In which topology connection with other computers is in circular form?
   Answer: c. Ring
   MAC stands for:
   Answer: b. Media Access Control
   Which is more reliable and secure for a LAN?
   Answer: d. Mesh
   Which of the following is not a protocol?
   Answer: c. NOS
   Which refers to the communication media?
   Answer: d. All of the above
   Question Answers
   1. What is a computer network? Write advantages and disadvantages.

   A computer network is a collection of two or more interconnected computers that communicate and share data, resources and services.

   Advantages:

   Sharing of hardware and software resources.
   Easy sharing of files and information.
   Fast communication.
   Centralized data management.
   Saves time and cost.

   Disadvantages:

   Security and privacy risks.
   Network failure can affect many computers.
   Requires skilled personnel.
   Installation and maintenance can be costly.
   Viruses can spread easily.
   2. Differentiate between LAN and WAN. [5]
   LAN WAN
   LAN stands for Local Area Network. WAN stands for Wide Area Network.
   Covers a small geographical area. Covers a large geographical area.
   Usually has higher data transfer speed. Usually has lower speed than LAN.
   It is generally privately owned. It may use public or leased communication networks.
   Example: School or office network. Example: Internet.
   3. Describe the different types of communication media in networking. [5]

   Communication media are mainly of two types: guided and unguided media.

   1. Guided media: Data travels through a physical cable. Examples are:

   Twisted-pair cable: UTP and STP cables.
   Coaxial cable: Uses a central conductor surrounded by insulation.
   Fiber-optic cable: Transmits data using light signals.

   2. Unguided media: Data travels through air or space without physical cables. Examples are:

   Radio waves
   Microwaves
   Infrared
   Satellite communication
   4. Define satellite communication. Differentiate between UTP and STP. [1+4]

   Satellite communication:
   Satellite communication is a method of transmitting signals between distant locations through an artificial satellite orbiting the Earth.

   UTP STP
   UTP stands for Unshielded Twisted Pair. STP stands for Shielded Twisted Pair.
   It has no metallic shielding. It has metallic shielding around the twisted pairs.
   More affected by electromagnetic interference. Less affected by electromagnetic interference.
   Cheaper and easier to install. More expensive and comparatively difficult to install.
   5. What is transmission media? Explain any two types. [1+2+2]

   Transmission media is the physical or wireless path through which data signals travel from a sender to a receiver.

   1. Guided media:
   It uses a physical path such as cables to transmit data. Examples include twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable and fiber-optic cable.

   2. Unguided media:
   It transmits data through air or space using electromagnetic waves. Examples include radio waves, microwaves and satellite communication.

   6. What are the functions of router and switch? [2.5+2.5]

   Router:

   Connects two or more different networks.
   Forwards data packets between networks.
   Selects the best route for data.
   Connects a local network to the Internet.

   Switch:

   Connects multiple devices within a network.
   Forwards data to the appropriate device.
   Uses MAC addresses to identify devices.
   Reduces unnecessary network traffic.
   7. Describe simplex, half-duplex and full-duplex with examples. [5]

   Simplex: Communication takes place in only one direction.
   Example: Keyboard to computer.

   Half-duplex: Communication takes place in both directions, but not at the same time.
   Example: Walkie-talkie.

   Full-duplex: Communication takes place in both directions simultaneously.
   Example: Telephone/mobile phone conversation.

   8. What do you mean by OSI reference model? Explain its different layers.

   The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) reference model is a seven-layer model that explains how data is communicated between networked computers.

   The seven layers are:

   Physical layer – Transmits raw bits through the communication medium.
   Data Link layer – Provides node-to-node delivery and error detection.
   Network layer – Handles logical addressing and routing.
   Transport layer – Provides reliable end-to-end data delivery.
   Session layer – Establishes, manages and terminates communication sessions.
   Presentation layer – Handles data translation, encryption and compression.
   Application layer – Provides network services directly to users/applications.

   Easy order:
   Physical → Data Link → Network → Transport → Session → Presentation → Application

   9. Define network architecture. Differentiate between client-server and peer-to-peer networks.

   Network architecture is the design or structure that defines how computers and other devices communicate and share resources in a network.

   Client-Server Peer-to-Peer
   Has a dedicated server. No dedicated server is required.
   Server provides services to clients. Each computer can act as both client and server.
   More suitable for large networks. Suitable for small networks.
   More secure and easier to manage centrally. Less centralized control.
   Example: Bank network. Example: Small home network.
   10. What is a protocol? List any five communication protocols.

   A protocol is a set of rules that governs communication and data exchange between devices in a network.

   Five communication protocols are:

   TCP/IP
   HTTP
   FTP
   SMTP
   POP3
   11. Write functions of switch and modem.

   Functions of Switch:

   Connects multiple devices in a LAN.
   Forwards data to the correct destination device.
   Uses MAC addresses for forwarding.

   Functions of Modem:

   Converts digital signals to suitable signals for transmission.
   Converts received signals back into digital form.
   Provides communication between a computer/network and an Internet service.
   12. Differentiate between star topology and ring topology.
   Star Topology Ring Topology
   All devices are connected to a central device. Each device is connected to two neighboring devices.
   Usually uses a switch or hub. Forms a circular arrangement.
   Failure of one cable usually affects only one device. Failure of a connection can disrupt the network.
   Easy to install and manage. More difficult to troubleshoot.
   Common in modern LANs. Less commonly used today.
   13. Explain bandwidth and echo.

   Bandwidth: Bandwidth is the maximum amount of data that can be transmitted through a communication channel in a given period of time. It is commonly measured in bits per second (bps).

   Echo: Echo is the unwanted repetition of a transmitted signal caused by the reflection of the signal back toward the sender.

   14. Define communication protocol, IP address and MAC address.

   Communication protocol: A set of rules used for communication and data exchange between network devices.

   IP address: A logical address assigned to a device on a network for identification and communication.

   MAC address: A unique physical/hardware address assigned to a network interface, used for communication within a local network.

   15. Differentiate between Internet and Intranet.
   Internet Intranet
   It is a worldwide public network. It is a private network within an organization.
   Accessible to the general public. Accessible only to authorized users.
   Used for global communication and information sharing. Used for internal communication and information sharing.
   Less controlled by a single organization. Controlled by a particular organization.
   Example: Websites available worldwide. Example: A company’s internal employee portal.